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English spelling rule Qui luật đánh vần

Trang Chủ

Short and Long Vowels - Nguyên âm dài & Nguyên âm ngắn

1. Để phát ra một âm ngắn, ta chỉ cần một nguyên âm.

 
at           red            it            hot           up
2. Để phát âm một âm dài bạn phải cho thêm một nguyên âm thứ hai.
Nguyên âm thứ hai này có thế đứng bên cạnh nguyên âm đầu, trong mô hình VVC [vowel, vowel, consonant - Nguyên âm, nguyên âm, phụ âm]
Ví dụ như:
boat, maid, cue, v.v.
Hoặc có thể tách khỏi từ nguyên âm đầu bởi một phụ âm theo mô hình VCV

Ví dụ như: (made,ride, tide, v.v.).
If the second vowel is separated from the first by two spaces, it
does not affect the first one. This is the VCCV pattern in
which the first vowel remains short. Thus, doubling a consonant
can be called "protecting" a short vowel because
it prevents an incoming vowel from getting close enough to
the first one to change its sound from short to long: 

          maid,  made,  but  madder;            dine,  diner,  but dinner.

Spelling the Sound /k/

This sound can be spelled in any one of four ways:

1. c     2. cc    
3. k       
4. ck

1. The
single letter, c , is
the most common spelling. It may be used anywhere in a word:

cat	corn	actor	victim	direct	mica
scat	bacon	public	cactus	inflict	pecan

2. Sometimes
the letter c must be doubled
to cc to protect the sound
of a short vowel:

stucco	baccalaureate	hiccups
Mecca	tobacco	buccaneer
occupy	raccoon	succulent

3. The
letter k is substituted
for c if /k/ is followed by an e, i, or y.

kin	make	sketch	poker	kind	risky
skin	token	skill	keep	liking	flaky

(Boring
examples? How about kyphosis, kylix, keratosis, and dyskinesia?)

4. Similarly,
the spelling ck, is substituted for cc if the following letter
is an e, i, or y:

lucky	picking	rocking	finicky
blackest	mackintosh	frolicked	ducking
Kentucky	picnicking	stocking	Quebecker

5. The letters, k and
ck are more than substitutes
for c and cc. They are used to spell /k/ at the end of a monosyllable. The
digraph, ck, ALWAYS follows
a short vowel:

sack

duck

lick

stick

wreck

clock

(Forget
about yak. Your student will never need it.)

The letter,
k, follows any other sound:

milk	soak	make	bark
tank	peek	bike	cork
tusk	hawk	duke	perk

The Sound, /j/

The sound, /j/ is spelled in three ways: j ge and dge.

1. The letter j is usually used
if the sound if followed by an a, o, or u.

just	jam	jungle	injure	major	adjacent
jog	jar	Japan	jury	job	Benjamin
adjust	jacket	jolly	jaguar	jump	jalousie

2. Since
the letter g has the soft
sound of /j/ when it is followed by an e,
i, or y, it
is usually used in this situation:

gentle	ginger	aging	algebra
Egyptologist	gem	origin	gym

3. If /j/ follows a short vowel sound, it is usually spelled with
dge. This is because the letter j, is never doubled in English.

badge	ridge	dodge	partridge	gadget
judge	edge	smudge	judgement	budget

The Sound, /ch/

The sound
/ch/ has two spellings: tch
after a short vowel, ch
anywhere else:"

witch	sketch	botch	satchel
catch	hatchet	kitchen	escutcheon

Exceptions:
Which,
rich, much, such, touch, bachelor, attach, sandwich, and ostrich.

The Sound /kw/

This sound is ALWAYS spelled with the letters,
qu, never anything else.

Using -le

Words
ending in -le, such as
little, require care. If the vowel sound is short, there must
be two consonants between the vowel and the -le. Otherwise,
one consonant is enough.

li tt le	ha nd le	ti ck le	a mp le	people
bo tt le	pu zz le	cru mb le	a ng le	idle
bugle	able	poodle	dawdle	needle

Odds and Ends

1. The
consonants, v, j, k, w,
and x are never doubled.
2. No normal English words ends with the letter v.
A final /v/ is always spelled with ve, no matter what the preceding vowel sound may be:

have	give	sleeve	cove
receive	love	connive	brave

Adding Endings

There
are two kinds of suffixes, those that begin with a vowel and
those that begin with a consonant. As usual, the spelling
problems occur with the vowels:

Vowel Suffixes			Consonant Suffixes
- - - age	- - -ist		- - - ness	- - - cess
- - - ant	- - - ish		- - -less	- - -ment
- - -ance	- - -ing		- - -ly	- - -ty
- - - al	- - -ar		- - -ful	- - -ry
- - -ism	- - -o		- - -hood	- - -ward
- - -able	- - -on		- - -wise
- - -an	- - -ous
- - - a	- - -or
- - -es	- - -ual
- - -ed	- - -unt
- - -er	- - -um
- - -est	- - -us
- - -y	- - -ive

1. Words that end in the letter y must have the y changed to i before adding
any suffix:

body - bodily	marry - marriage
many - manifold	family -  familiar
happy - happiness	puppy - puppies
beauty - beautiful	vary - various
company - companion	fury - furious
plenty - plentiful	merry - merriment

2. In words that end in a silent e you must drop it before
you add a vowel suffix. The silent e is no longer needed to
make the preceding vowel long as the incoming vowel will do
the trick:

ride - riding	cure - curable	use - usual	age - aging
fame - famous	force - forcing	refuse -  refusal	slice - slicing
pure - purity	ice - icicle	nose - nosy	convince - convincing
globe - global	race - racist	pole - polar	offense - offensive

3. Words that end in an accented short or modified vowel
sound must have the final consonant doubled to protect that
sound when you add a vowel suffix:

Quebec - Quebecker	remit - remittance	confer - conferring	refer - referred
upset - upsetting	shellac - shellacking	occur - occurred	concur- concurrent

Note that this doubling is not done if the accent is not on the last syllable. If the word ends in a schwa, there is no need to
"protect" it.

open - opening	organ - organize
focus - focused	refer - referee

4. Normally
you drop a silent e before adding a vowel suffix. However,
if the word ends in -ce or -ge and the incoming
vowel is an a, o, or u, you cannot cavalierly toss out that
silent e. It is not useless: it is keeping its left-hand
letter soft, and your a, o, or u will not do
that. Thus:

manage - manageable	peace - peaceable
courage - courageous	revenge - vengeance
surge - surgeon	change - changeable
notice - noticeable	outrage - outrageous

Gorgeous George bludgeoned a pigeon noticeably! Tsk.


5. Adding consonant suffixes is easy. You just add them. (Of course you must change a final y to i before you add any suffix.)

peace - peaceful	harm - harmless	age - ageless
pity - pitiful	child - childhood	rifle - riflery

/sh/

When this sound occurs before a vowel suffix, it is spelled ti, si, or ci.

partial	cautious	patient	vacation
special	deficient	suspicion	suction
inertia	delicious	ratio	pension
musician	physician	optician	quotient
electrician	nutrition	statistician	expulsion

/ee/ before a vowel suffix

When /ee/ precedes a vowel suffix, it is usually spelled with the letter i:

Indian	obvious	medium
ingredient	zodiac	material

Spelling Determined by Word Meaning

1. Mist and missed sound alike, as do band and banned. To determine
the spelling, remember that -ed
is a past-tense tending.

1. The
   mist drifted into the harbor.
2. I nearly
   missed my bus.
3. The
   movie was banned in Boston.
4. The
   band played on.

2. The
endings of dentist and finest sound alike. Deciding
which one to use can be tricky. One rule helps but doesn't
cover all cases:

1. --ist
   is a suffix meaning someone who does something:
   
   - artist
   - machinist   
   - druggist
2. --est
   is the ending used on superlative adjectives:
   finest    -   sweetest    -   longest

3. The
sounds at the end of musician and condition sound alike.
but....

1. cian always means a person, where...
2. tion
   or sion are never used for people.

4. How do you tell whether to use tion or sion?

1. If
   the root word ends in /t/, use -tion: complete, completion
2. If
   the root word ends in /s/ or /d/, use sion: extend,
   extension
   suppress, suppression
3. If
   the sound of the last syllable is the "heavy"
   sound of /zhun/ rather than the light sound, /shun/, use
   s: confusion, vision, adhesion

Exception:
The ending, --mit becomes -mission:

permit - permission	omit - omission
submit - submission	commit - commission

The Hiss

1. The
letter s between vowels
sounds like a z:

nose	result	noise
present	partisan	tease
preside	resound	reserve

2. The light "hissy" sound is spelled with either
ss or ce. Predictably, ss, like any proper doubled consonant, follows
accented short vowels. Soft c is used anywhere else. (A soft
c is one that is followed by e, i, or y).

notice	reticent	massive	bicycle
recent	gossip	russet	rejoice
essence	vessel	discuss	pass

3. The plural ending is always spelled with a single letter
s unless you can hear a new syllable on the plural word. In
that case, use -es:

loss, losses	bank, banks	twitch, twitches	tree, trees
box, boxes	list, lists	judge, judges

No compendium of spelling rules would be complete with the
most important rule of all:
WHEN IN DOUBT, ASK (or look it up)

But ask first - it's quicker.



















 

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Cập nhập lần cuối cùng lúc 8:30h ngày 30 tháng 10 2012

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